gender inequalities in tourism employment in Portugal.
This blog examines gender imbalance in philosophy using statistical analysis of philosophy professionals and students in Spain. It is the only study on an international scope that provides complete, real data of an entire national system. This analysis shows that among teaching and research personnel, women make up 25% of the total, among full professors they represent 12%, and the glass-ceiling index in the field is the same as that in engineering. For the study, I resorted to a normalization of indicators to allow for international comparisons, which I have done using the reports and analyses available in other countries. In the second part of the article, I use the Spanish data to test some recent hypotheses on gender imbalance in philosophy. The data does not confirm the theory of Neven Sesardic and Rafael de Clercq, which attributes the imbalance to differences in cognitive abilities (Sesardic and Clercq 2014). However, the data does partially confirm the study by Molly Paxton, Carrie Figdor, and Valerie Tiberius regarding the dissuasive effect of introductory courses in philosophy (Paxton, Figdor, and Tiberius 2012), as well as that by Sarah Leslie and her colleagues on the field-specific abilities belief hypothesis (Leslie et al. 2015).
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Gender inequalities in tourism employment: The Portuguese case
Carlos Costa, InΓͺs Carvalho, ZΓ©lia Breda
Revista Turismo & Desenvolvimento, 39-54, 2011
Tourism is a very important sector for the Portuguese economy and it is responsible for the creation of many workplaces. But what is the nature of the employment generated by this industry? More specifically, which gender inequalities emerge? This article is about gender inequalities in tourism employment in Portugal. Disparities are analysed using data on employment from Statistics Portugal (INE). Data for men and women are compared, as well as data for the tourism sector and the economy as a whole.
The data suggest that the tourism sector is vertically segregated and, despite being a feminised sector, men occupy most top-level positions. Moreover, tourism workers, particularly female workers, are in general subject to poorer conditions of employment, such as low-pay, long working hours and more precarious contracts. The data hint at a very wide gender pay gap in the tourism industry
